Hydration & electrolytes

Fluid volume and the ions dissolved in it. Performance and cognition degrade at deficits too small to register as thirst, which makes this a silent variable in almost every other measurement.

Micronutrient status increases it.

Electrolyte status is a micronutrient-status question - sodium, potassium and magnesium. PMC7005133

Kidney increases it.

Renal handling sets sodium, potassium and water balance. PMC7005133

Lowers blood pressure reduces it.

RAAS is the principal hormonal control of sodium and volume. PMC7005133

Digestion increases it.

Intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes. PMC7005133

Training load reduces it.

10.1590/S1807-55092011000200004 — Sweat losses. doi 10.1590/S1807-55092011000200004 · PMC7005133

Lowers cortisol reduces it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “Furthermore, both the impaired water excretion and elevated vasopressin levels observed in adrenal insufficiency may be normalized by glucocorticoid treatment”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

Cardiac output increases it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

Blood pressure increases it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “A central component of the feedback system for long-term control of arterial pressure is the pressure-natriuresis mechanism, whereby increases in renal perfusion pressure lead to decreases in sodium reabsorption and increases in sodium excretion”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

Blood flow (nitric oxide) increases it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “In turn, this enhanced eNOS and COX-2 expression in the scid kidneys was associated with exaggerated renal generation of nitric oxide, prostaglandin E(2), and prostacyclin, all of which promote natriuresis”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

Vessel wall muscle increases it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

Heart calcium handling increases it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

Insulin sensitivity increases it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “Both levels of hyperinsulinaemia resulted in increased distal tubular sodium reabsorption”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

Alcohol metabolism reduces it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

Thyroid increases it.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It increases Physical performance.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “Hypohydration can impair aerobic performance and deteriorate cognitive function during exercise”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It increases Memory & focus.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “Impairment of cognitive performance (all domains/outcomes) with DEH was small but significant (ES = -0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.31 to -0.11; P < 0.0001) with significant heterogeneity (Q(279) = 696.0, P < 0.0001; I = 37.6%)”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It increases Blood pressure.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “Water drinking also acutely raises blood pressure in older normal subjects”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It increases Cardiac output.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “A markedly reduced stroke volume (SV) is a key feature of the dehydration-induced cardiovascular strain, but whether the lower output of the heart is mediated by peripheral or cardiac factors remains unknown”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It increases Muscle.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “Both maximum isometric (−15.3±3.1 vs −5.4±3.5%) and isokinetic eccentric (−24.8±4.6 vs −7.3±7.2%) torque decreased to a greater extent in hypohydrated than euhydrated trials (p<0.05)”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It reduces Daily energy.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It increases Kidney.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “The risk of renal impairment gradually decreased as water intake increased”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It increases Sustained focus.

The one measured finding among them is the periodontal-anemia link: a meta-analysis of sixteen studies on hemoglobin and iron metabolism in periodontitis, whose authors call the association still controversial and ask for larger cohorts. (PMC7005133; doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016; PMC12673670). Verbatim: “Participants showed better Vigilance Attention with euhydration”. doi 10.1152/japplphysiol.00971.2016 · PMC7005133

It increases Balance & falls.

10.3390/ijerph14050460 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. Verbatim: “There were significant relationships between dehydration and risk of falling (OR 1.38, 95% CI 1.00-1.90; p < 0.05), after adjustment for age, gender, DM, CKD”. doi 10.3390/ijerph14050460

It increases Body temperature control.

10.1371/journal.pone.0220384 — 28202441 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0220384

Pulsar (Vascular Pressure Regulation) →