Unprompted recall

A subdomain of learning and memory: retrieving without a cue. The hardest retrieval mode — in developmental amnesia the deficit is most striking exactly here, while recognition and cued recall can be near-normal.

Supports BDNF signaling increases it.

20482942 — Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces long-term potentiation in intact adult hippocampus: requirement for ERK activation coupled to CREB and upregulation of Arc synthesis. Ying et al. J Neurosci 2002;22:1532-1540.

Hearing increases it.

Verbatim: 'Results suggest that after HL rehabilitation, healthy older adults improve their performance in specific abilities such as working memory, delayed recall, attention, semantic and phonological fluency, and language comprehension.' (10.46634/riics.363). Tier: review. human · hearing aids or cochlear implants · dose/duration not standardized across studies · only 5 papers qualitatively analyzed out of 410 titles screened · PRISMA systematic rev. doi 10.46634/riics.363

Cellular aging reduces it.

Baseline analysis revealed a continuum of memory decline with aging and lower educational attainment... Composite memory scores yearly diminished by an additional 0.007 of a SD for each additional year of age at baseline. Verbatim from the source for this edge —. PMID 35400289

Plaque clearance reduces it.

Verbatim: 'Episodic memory was assayed using a standardized delayed recall composite, paired associate (word-picture) cued recall, and a mnemonic discrimination task' (10.1212/WNL.0000000000003812, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000011477, PMC12782246). Tier: human cohort data (cross-sectional + longitudinal). cognitively unimpaired / clinically normal older adults - the preclinical stage, not dementia; amyloid by CSF Abeta42/40 or PET SUVR; endpoi. doi 10.1212/WNL.0000000000003812 · PMC12782246

Tau tangles reduces it.

Verbatim: 'There was an association between decreased visuospatial delayed memory performance and p-Tau level (B = − 0.754, β = − 0.363, p 0.001), independent of other relevant variables (e.g., Aβ).' (10.1186/s13195-021-00909-1). Tier: human observational data. human · lumbar CSF sampling, no dosing · Gwangju Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementia Cohort, Korea · n = 185 (93 A-T-, 23 A+T-, 69 A+T+) · cross-sectional observational, m. doi 10.1186/s13195-021-00909-1

It increases Learning & memory.

The DSM-5 Neurocognitive Work Group agreed on six principal domains of cognitive function, each with subdomains. Learning and memory comprises immediate memory, recent memory (free recall, cued recall and recognition memory), and very-long-term memory including semantic, autobiographical and implicit learning. Taxonomic edge, not a causal mechanism: this is a DSM-5 domain/subdomain relationship, not a pathway acting on another. Sachdev 2014, Nat Rev Neurol 10:634-642 — Classifying neurocognitive disorders: the DSM-5 approach. doi 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181 The manual's own table, which carries the immediate/recent nesting this line states, is reproduced verbatim as 'Immediate memory, recent memory' in Table 1 of doi 10.1186/s13643-019-1220-4 (Domains used to diagnose major and mild neurocognitive disorders in the DSM-5). Scope stated before anyone asks: Sachdev's Figure 2 is an ABRIDGED rendering of the DSM-5 table and does not carry every subdomain named here, so the manual's own wording is cited beside it. doi 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.181

It increases Word & fact memory.

The learning deficit is most striking in tasks that require rapid learning and free recall, supporting the notion that the hippocampus is critical for rapid and efficient semantic learning, whereas…. PMC6993580

It increases Living independently.

In the longitudinal analyses, baseline walking speed (men: OR 0.98; women: OR 0.97, p<0.05) and word list memory task scores (men: OR 0.84; women: OR 0.83, p<0.05) in both sexes ... were independent…. PMC4377948

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