Supports airflow & lung function
Distinct from allergic airway disease. Structural loss — emphysema, fibrosis — is not reversible by reducing inflammation, and the two need separating before any claim is made.
In depth
Ventilatory capacity — how much air moves and how fast. A null the evidence keeps: in reflux-related airway complaints, FEV1, fvc and pef did not move; only peripheral oscillometric resistance did.
What drives it
Cell migration switch reduces it.
Verbatim: “This leads to reduced ciliated cells, goblet cell hyperplasia and increased epithelial mesenchymal transition, which contribute to impaired mucociliary clearance and airway remodelling”. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201658 · PMC10374037
Skin increases it.
10.3389/fimmu.2026.1916940 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2026.1916940
Allergic signaling reduces it.
10.1172/JCI5909 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. Verbatim: “IL-13, a critical cytokine in asthma, causes emphysema with enhanced lung volumes and compliance, mucus metaplasia, and inflammation, when inducibly overexpressed in the adult murine lung”. doi 10.1172/JCI5909 · PMID 11067861 · PMC301418
Inflammatory signaling reduces it.
10.3389/falgy.2021.694514 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. Verbatim: “There was significant inverse correlation between serum IL-1β or IL-17 levels and FEV1% predicted”. doi 10.3389/falgy.2021.694514 · PMID 28490868 · PMC5413485
Inflammation signal (TNF-α) reduces it.
10.1590/s0100-879x2007000400016 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.1590/s0100-879x2007000400016
Inflammation signal (IL-6) reduces it.
10.1007/s10654-010-9526-5 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. Verbatim: “Using the earliest stable (nonexacerbation) measured marker, patients whose IL-6 exceeded the group median had a faster FEV1%Pred decline of 0.42%/yr (p = 0.018)”. doi 10.1007/s10654-010-9526-5 · PMID 16236847
Calms inflammation reduces it.
10.1164/rccm.200707-1096OC — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.1164/rccm.200707-1096OC
Calms body-wide inflammation reduces it.
10.1186/s12890-025-03913-5 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. Verbatim: “In never smokers, increased neutrophils were associated with reduced lung volumes (FEV1 β coef. with 95%CI -1.95 (-3.33, -0.57) p = 0.006; FVC -1.94 (-3.18, -0.69) p = 0.002), but not CAO”. doi 10.1186/s12890-025-03913-5 · PMID 40846755
Oxidative stress reduces it.
10.3389/ftox.2024.1412864 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. Verbatim: “Higher gene expression levels in oxidative stress pathway genes are associated with faster 10-year FEV(1) decline”. doi 10.3389/ftox.2024.1412864 · PMC8683624
Antioxidant defense increases it.
10.3389/fphys.2021.727806 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.3389/fphys.2021.727806
Master antioxidant increases it.
10.1186/s12931-020-1292-7 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.1186/s12931-020-1292-7
Vessel wall muscle increases it.
10.3389/fphys.2022.993406 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.3389/fphys.2022.993406
Reduces scarring reduces it.
10.3390/medicina60111750 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.3390/medicina60111750
Tissue remodeling reduces it.
10.3390/ijms242216042 — Drawn from reviews of neighboring outcomes rather than from studies of this outcome itself, which is weaker evidence, and the map marks it so. doi 10.3390/ijms242216042
What it drives
It increases Physical performance.
10.1038/s41598-021-96830-6 — Supported by the reviews of this outcome as a whole. No separable effect size has been reported for this arm. doi 10.1038/s41598-021-96830-6
It reduces Daily energy.
10.1177/1753466619878128 — Supported by the reviews of this outcome as a whole. No separable effect size has been reported for this arm. doi 10.1177/1753466619878128
It increases Sleep.
Supported by the reviews of this outcome as a whole. No separable effect size has been reported for this arm.
It increases Heart & blood pressure.
10.1186/s12889-025-23521-6 — Supported by the reviews of this outcome as a whole. No separable effect size has been reported for this arm. doi 10.1186/s12889-025-23521-6
It increases Memory & focus.
10.1186/s12877-024-05080-4 — Supported by the reviews of this outcome as a whole. No separable effect size has been reported for this arm. doi 10.1186/s12877-024-05080-4
Blends that modulate it
Each blend page names this pathway and carries the study behind its claim.
See it on the map
Open the causal map to follow this pathway upstream and downstream, arrow by arrow, each with its study.