cAMP-making enzyme
Adenylate cyclase
Also searched as Adenylate cyclase.
Six hormones can switch this factory on. Six separate vetoes can switch it off. Everything upstream is an argument about this one enzyme, and everything downstream depends on what it decides. One entry in this formula skips the whole argument and activates it directly.
In depth
The enzyme that makes the signal. Every hormone that opens fat release and every signal that closes it meet here.
What drives it
Why Some Fat Is Stubborn reduces it.
10.3390/ijms25137233 — 10.1101/lm.298006 — from a published diagram titled 'control DE LA LIPÓLISIS EN EL adipocito HUMANO' — a human-specific control map. Its legend enumerates the whole system: 'Receptores β- y α2A-Adrenérgicos (RA); Adenilato Ciclasa (AC); proteínas G heterotriméricas (Gs y Gi); Proteína Cinasa A (PKA); Lipasa Sensible a Hormona (LSH); Receptor de Insulina (IRS-1/2); Proteína Cinasa B (PKB); Cinasa (PI3-K); Fosfodiesterasa tipo 3B (PDE-3B); GUANILATO Ciclasa (GC); Receptor de Péptidos Natriuréticos (NPR-A); Proteína Cinasa G (PKG); Lipasa de Monoglicéridos (LMG); NEUROPÉPTIDO Y (NPY) Y PÉPTIDO YY (PYY); Proteínas que enlazan lípidos en adipocito (ALBP); Ácidos Grasos No Esterificados (AGNE)' (Revista de Educación Bioquímica, UNAM — 'Control de la lipólisis en el adipocito HUMANO' (ESPAÑOL)). The alpha-2A receptor is the reason some fat is stubborn. The same epinephrine that switches release on through one receptor switches it off through this one, and different fat depots carry different ratios of the two. Blocking this receptor while leaving the other alone is precisely what one driver in this formula does. doi 10.3390/ijms25137233
Beta-3 receptor signaling increases it.
33276630 — 10.1371/journal.pone.0030637 — from a published diagram titled 'control DE LA LIPÓLISIS EN EL adipocito HUMANO' — a human-specific control map. Its legend enumerates the whole system: 'Receptores β- y α2A-Adrenérgicos (RA); Adenilato Ciclasa (AC); proteínas G heterotriméricas (Gs y Gi); Proteína Cinasa A (PKA); Lipasa Sensible a Hormona (LSH); Receptor de Insulina (IRS-1/2); Proteína Cinasa B (PKB); Cinasa (PI3-K); Fosfodiesterasa tipo 3B (PDE-3B); GUANILATO Ciclasa (GC); Receptor de Péptidos Natriuréticos (NPR-A); Proteína Cinasa G (PKG); Lipasa de Monoglicéridos (LMG); NEUROPÉPTIDO Y (NPY) Y PÉPTIDO YY (PYY); Proteínas que enlazan lípidos en adipocito (ALBP); Ácidos Grasos No Esterificados (AGNE)' (Revista de Educación Bioquímica, UNAM — 'Control de la lipólisis en el adipocito HUMANO' (ESPAÑOL)). The factory itself, which this MAP had been skipping over. Every stimulating hormone and every inhibiting one converges here: the stimulators switch this enzyme on through one class of G-protein, the six vetoes switch it off through another. It is the single point where the whole argument is settled — and it is the exact enzyme one driver in this formula activates directly, bypassing every receptor above it. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0030637
Adrenaline receptors increases it.
10.3389/fphar.2018.00904 — A correction, not an addition — and it overturns something this MAP had wrong. 'Dans l'adipocyte HUMAIN, les effets stimulants des catécholamines sur la lipolyze sont relayés par des RÉCEPTEURS β1- ET β2-ADRÉNERGIQUES. LE RÔLE DU RÉCEPTEUR β3-ADRÉNERGIQUE SEMBLE NÉGLIGEABLE dans LE TISSU ADIPEUX SOUS-CUTANÉ et reste discutable dans d'autres dépôts adipeux' = in the human fat cell the stimulating effects of epinephrine run through beta-1 and beta-2 receptors; the beta-3 receptor's role appears negligible in subcutaneous fat (Lafontan M., Obésité humaine et système nerveux sympathique, OCL 2003 (INSERM U586, Toulouse) — FRANÇAIS). The beta-3 receptor is the one most often named in animal work and in supplement marketing. In people, in the fat under the skin, it is not the one that matters. Any evidence resting on beta-3 in rodents says little about a human subcutaneous depot. doi 10.3389/fphar.2018.00904
What it drives
It increases The cell's go-signal.
10.3389/fonc.2021.738300 — 10.1371/journal.pone.0100252 — from a published diagram titled 'control DE LA LIPÓLISIS EN EL adipocito HUMANO' — a human-specific control map. Its legend enumerates the whole system: 'Receptores β- y α2A-Adrenérgicos (RA); Adenilato Ciclasa (AC); proteínas G heterotriméricas (Gs y Gi); Proteína Cinasa A (PKA); Lipasa Sensible a Hormona (LSH); Receptor de Insulina (IRS-1/2); Proteína Cinasa B (PKB); Cinasa (PI3-K); Fosfodiesterasa tipo 3B (PDE-3B); GUANILATO Ciclasa (GC); Receptor de Péptidos Natriuréticos (NPR-A); Proteína Cinasa G (PKG); Lipasa de Monoglicéridos (LMG); NEUROPÉPTIDO Y (NPY) Y PÉPTIDO YY (PYY); Proteínas que enlazan lípidos en adipocito (ALBP); Ácidos Grasos No Esterificados (AGNE)' (Revista de Educación Bioquímica, UNAM — 'Control de la lipólisis en el adipocito HUMANO' (ESPAÑOL)). The factory itself, which this MAP had been skipping over. Every stimulating hormone and every inhibiting one converges here: the stimulators switch this enzyme on through one class of G-protein, the six vetoes switch it off through another. It is the single point where the whole argument is settled — and it is the exact enzyme one driver in this formula activates directly, bypassing every receptor above it. doi 10.3389/fonc.2021.738300
Blends that modulate it
Each blend page names this pathway and carries the study behind its claim.
See it on the map
Open the causal map to follow this pathway upstream and downstream, arrow by arrow, each with its study.