Why Some Fat Is Stubborn
Adrenaline does not have one effect on a fat cell. It hits one receptor that switches release on and this one that switches it off, at the same moment, and whichever is more numerous wins. Here is the part that answers the oldest question in fat loss: this brake is upregulated in obesity, in enlarged fat cells, in people who are sedentary, and specifically in hip fat in women and abdominal fat in men. The fat that is hardest to lose is hardest to lose because it carries more brakes. Blocking this receptor while leaving the accelerator alone is a genuine strategy, and one entry in this formula does exactly that.
In depth
The adrenaline receptor that switches release off — and it is more abundant exactly where fat is hardest to shift.
What drives it
Alertness chemical increases it.
10.1038/sj.ijo.0803042 — from a published diagram titled 'control DE LA LIPÓLISIS EN EL adipocito HUMANO' — a human-specific control map. Its legend enumerates the whole system: 'Receptores β- y α2A-Adrenérgicos (RA); Adenilato Ciclasa (AC); proteínas G heterotriméricas (Gs y Gi); Proteína Cinasa A (PKA); Lipasa Sensible a Hormona (LSH); Receptor de Insulina (IRS-1/2); Proteína Cinasa B (PKB); Cinasa (PI3-K); Fosfodiesterasa tipo 3B (PDE-3B); GUANILATO Ciclasa (GC); Receptor de Péptidos Natriuréticos (NPR-A); Proteína Cinasa G (PKG); Lipasa de Monoglicéridos (LMG); NEUROPÉPTIDO Y (NPY) Y PÉPTIDO YY (PYY); Proteínas que enlazan lípidos en adipocito (ALBP); Ácidos Grasos No Esterificados (AGNE)' (Revista de Educación Bioquímica, UNAM — 'Control de la lipólisis en el adipocito HUMANO' (ESPAÑOL)). The alpha-2A receptor is the reason some fat is stubborn. The same epinephrine that switches release on through one receptor switches it off through this one, and different fat depots carry different ratios of the two. Blocking this receptor while leaving the other alone is precisely what one driver in this formula does. doi 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803042
What it drives
It reduces cAMP-making enzyme.
10.3390/ijms25137233 — 10.1101/lm.298006 — from a published diagram titled 'control DE LA LIPÓLISIS EN EL adipocito HUMANO' — a human-specific control map. Its legend enumerates the whole system: 'Receptores β- y α2A-Adrenérgicos (RA); Adenilato Ciclasa (AC); proteínas G heterotriméricas (Gs y Gi); Proteína Cinasa A (PKA); Lipasa Sensible a Hormona (LSH); Receptor de Insulina (IRS-1/2); Proteína Cinasa B (PKB); Cinasa (PI3-K); Fosfodiesterasa tipo 3B (PDE-3B); GUANILATO Ciclasa (GC); Receptor de Péptidos Natriuréticos (NPR-A); Proteína Cinasa G (PKG); Lipasa de Monoglicéridos (LMG); NEUROPÉPTIDO Y (NPY) Y PÉPTIDO YY (PYY); Proteínas que enlazan lípidos en adipocito (ALBP); Ácidos Grasos No Esterificados (AGNE)' (Revista de Educación Bioquímica, UNAM — 'Control de la lipólisis en el adipocito HUMANO' (ESPAÑOL)). The alpha-2A receptor is the reason some fat is stubborn. The same epinephrine that switches release on through one receptor switches it off through this one, and different fat depots carry different ratios of the two. Blocking this receptor while leaving the other alone is precisely what one driver in this formula does. doi 10.3390/ijms25137233
It reduces Releases stored fat.
10.1038/sj.ijo.0803042 — from a published diagram titled 'control DE LA LIPÓLISIS EN EL adipocito HUMANO' — a human-specific control map. Its legend enumerates the whole system: 'Receptores β- y α2A-Adrenérgicos (RA); Adenilato Ciclasa (AC); proteínas G heterotriméricas (Gs y Gi); Proteína Cinasa A (PKA); Lipasa Sensible a Hormona (LSH); Receptor de Insulina (IRS-1/2); Proteína Cinasa B (PKB); Cinasa (PI3-K); Fosfodiesterasa tipo 3B (PDE-3B); GUANILATO Ciclasa (GC); Receptor de Péptidos Natriuréticos (NPR-A); Proteína Cinasa G (PKG); Lipasa de Monoglicéridos (LMG); NEUROPÉPTIDO Y (NPY) Y PÉPTIDO YY (PYY); Proteínas que enlazan lípidos en adipocito (ALBP); Ácidos Grasos No Esterificados (AGNE)' (Revista de Educación Bioquímica, UNAM — 'Control de la lipólisis en el adipocito HUMANO' (ESPAÑOL)). The alpha-2A receptor is the reason some fat is stubborn. The same epinephrine that switches release on through one receptor switches it off through this one, and different fat depots carry different ratios of the two. Blocking this receptor while leaving the other alone is precisely what one driver in this formula does. doi 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803042
See it on the map
Open the causal map to follow this pathway upstream and downstream, arrow by arrow, each with its study.