What is behind Stamina & Endurance
PGC-1α — the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, building new cellular powerplants and oxidative endurance. Evidence A — Human trial evidence.
Mitochondrial energy (ATP) output. Evidence A — Human trial evidence.
Nitric-oxide blood-vessel relaxation and flow. Evidence A — Human trial evidence.
The cell's master energy sensor — when fuel runs low it ignites fat-burning, glucose uptake and mitochondrial renewal while standing down growth. Evidence A — Human trial evidence.
Endurance and VO₂max, the whole-body measure of cardiovascular and metabolic fitness. Evidence A — Human trial evidence.
Evidence on these pathways
AMPK → Insulin Sensitivity. “In model systems, sustained decreases in AMPK activity accompany IR, whereas AMPK activation increases insulin sensitivity.” — AMPK, insulin resistance, and the metabolic syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2013, volume 123, issue 7, pages 2764-2772. doi:10.1172/JCI67227
AMPK → GLUT4 Muscle Glucose Uptake. “We conclude that AMPK activation increases cardiac muscle glucose uptake through translocation of GLUT-4 via a pathway that is independent of PI3K.” — Translocation of myocardial GLUT-4 and increased glucose uptake through activation of AMPK by AICAR. American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 1999, 277(2), H643-H649. doi:10.1152/ajpheart.1999.277.2.H643 (PMID 10444490).
Deiodinase → PGC-1α Biogenesis. “The accelerated conversion of T4 to T3 within myocytes mediates part of the PGC-1a induction by treadmill exercise and its downstream effects on mitochondrial function.” — Thyroid hormone activation by type 2 deiodinase mediates exercise-induced peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression in skeletal muscle. Journal of Physiology, 2016, 594(18):5255-5269. doi:10.1113/JP272440
Formulas that act on these pathways
Acts on 2 of these pathways: PGC-1α Biogenesis, AMPK.
Acts on 2 of these pathways: PGC-1α Biogenesis, AMPK.
What this page does not claim
This page names the pathways involved and the published evidence on each. It does not claim that any formula treats, cures or prevents Stamina & Endurance. A pathway opens here only on graded, published evidence, under a standard fixed before the evidence was gathered, and every figure above carries its grade.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.