Betaine methyl donor
Folate-independent homocysteine remethylation
Also searched as Folate-independent homocysteine remethylation.
A second, Independent Route out of the Homocysteine fork. The folate/B12 route and this one do the same job with different cofactors, which is why choline status can partly compensate for folate status and vice versa. Choline is also the substrate gut bacteria convert to tma and thence tmao, so the same nutrient sits on both sides of a cardiovascular argument.
In depth
Betaine from choline remethylates homocysteine without folate or B12.
What drives it
Micronutrient status increases it.
Dietary choline and betaine intake. Carried by the intermediary-metabolism, micronutrient and clinical reviews. doi 10.3390/nu18132141 · PMC9967593
What it drives
It reduces Homocysteine.
A second, independent route out of the fork - remethylation without folate or B12, which is why choline status can partly compensate for folate status and vice versa. Carried by the intermediary-metabolism, micronutrient and clinical reviews (PMC9967593; doi 10.3390/nu18132141; PMC12673670; doi 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101755). Verbatim: “The pooled estimate of effect for betaine supplementation on plasma homocysteine was a reduction of 1.23 μmol/L, which was statistically significant (95% confidence interval, - 1.61 to - 0.85; P =.01)”. doi 10.3390/nu18132141 · PMID 23997720 · PMC9967593
It increases Universal methyl donor.
Regenerating methionine feeds SAMe synthesis. Carried by the intermediary-metabolism, micronutrient and clinical reviews. doi 10.3390/nu18132141 · PMC9967593
It increases Liver.
Betaine supplementation reduces hepatic steatosis in trial settings. Carried by the intermediary-metabolism, micronutrient and clinical reviews. doi 10.3390/nu18132141 · PMC9967593
Blends that modulate it
Each blend page names this pathway and carries the study behind its claim.
See it on the map
Open the causal map to follow this pathway upstream and downstream, arrow by arrow, each with its study.