DHEA-S and pregnenolone

The adrenal precursor from which both androgens and estrogens can be made. Its decline is the steepest of any human hormone — which is also why it is among the most over-claimed.

“Table 3 gives DHEA-sulfate as median 4163 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 914-9390 nmol/L in all 525 adult volunteers.” over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“Table 3 gives DHEA-sulfate in males as median 5333 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 917-10,021 nmol/L.” males, over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“Table 3 gives DHEA-sulfate in females as median 3592 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 850-7435 nmol/L.” females, over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“Table 3 gives pregnenolone as median 5.06 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 1.21-21.33 nmol/L in all subjects, excluding women taking oral contraceptives.” over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“Table 3 gives pregnenolone in males as median 5.13 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 1.45-22.88 nmol/L.” males, over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“Table 3 gives pregnenolone in females as median 5.06 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 1.01-20.86 nmol/L, excluding women taking oral contraceptives.” females, over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“The paper reports an age-specific upper reference limit for pregnenolone of 30.8 nmol/L in men at age 22.” a single age point on a continuous decline, not a band

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“The paper reports an age-specific upper reference limit for pregnenolone of 8.0 nmol/L in men at age 70.” a single age point on a continuous decline, not a band

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“The paper reports an age-specific upper reference limit for pregnenolone of 28.9 nmol/L in women at age 22.” a single age point on a continuous decline, not a band

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“The paper reports an age-specific upper reference limit for pregnenolone of 7.3 nmol/L in women at age 70.” a single age point on a continuous decline, not a band

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“Table 3 gives unsulfated DHEA as median 10.3 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 1.9-40.5 nmol/L in all subjects.” over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“Table 3 gives unsulfated DHEA in males as median 11.1 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 2.5-46.7 nmol/L.” males, over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“Table 3 gives unsulfated DHEA in females as median 10.1 nmol/L with a 2.5-97.5 percentile interval of 1.7-38.3 nmol/L.” females, over 21

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“The paper reports an age-specific upper reference limit for unsulfated DHEA of 54.1 nmol/L in men at age 22.” a single age point on a continuous decline, not a band

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“The paper reports an age-specific upper reference limit for unsulfated DHEA of 16.3 nmol/L in men at age 70.” a single age point on a continuous decline, not a band

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“The paper reports an age-specific upper reference limit for unsulfated DHEA of 48.8 nmol/L in women at age 22.” a single age point on a continuous decline, not a band

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

“The paper reports an age-specific upper reference limit for unsulfated DHEA of 14.7 nmol/L in women at age 70.” a single age point on a continuous decline, not a band

Reference intervals for plasma concentrations of adrenal steroids measured by LC-MS/MS: Impact of gender, age, oral contraceptives, body mass index and blood pressure status · Clinica Chimica Acta · 2017 DOI 10.1016/j.cca.2017.05.002

Lowers cortisol raises it.

Adrenal production under ACTH. Carried by the intermediary-metabolism, micronutrient and clinical reviews. doi 10.3390/nu18132141 · PMC9967593

Cellular aging lowers it.

Adrenal DHEA output declines markedly with age. Carried by the intermediary-metabolism, micronutrient and clinical reviews. doi 10.3390/nu18132141 · PMC9967593

It raises Testosterone.

Upstream of both sex-hormone arms, which makes supplementation unpredictable - direction depends on tissue enzyme expression, age and sex. Carried by the intermediary-metabolism, micronutrient and clinical reviews. doi 10.3390/nu18132141 · PMC9967593

It raises Estrogen balance.

The same precursor feeds aromatisation. Carried by the intermediary-metabolism, micronutrient and clinical reviews. doi 10.3390/nu18132141 · PMC9967593

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