Excitotoxicity is a process where nerve cells are damaged and killed by excessive stimulation from neurotransmitters, particularly glutamate, leading to an influx of calcium ions into the cells. This triggers a cascade of events that ultimately result in cell death.
Excitotoxicity is harmful to the brain due to various reasons:
– Neuronal damage and death, contributing to neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s Disease and epilepsy.
– Oxidative stress, disrupting cellular processes and leading to cell death.
– Mitochondrial dysfunction, impairing energy metabolism and producing free radicals.
– Calcium dysregulation, leading to mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction.
– Astrocytic dysfunction, disrupting glutamate homeostasis and increasing neuronal excitability.
– Inflammatory responses, exacerbating neuronal damage.
– Disruption of normal cellular processes, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and ultimately cell death.
– Contribution to neurodegenerative diseases like ALS.
– Involvement in various neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, stroke, and ALS.
– Disruption of neurotransmitter and ion balance mechanisms.
– Impaired synaptic function and cognitive processes.
The role of glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation in depression and suicidal behavior are as follows:
1. **Glutamate Excitotoxicity**: – Abnormalities in glutamatergic neurotransmission are common in depressed individuals. – Overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) plays a critical role in major depressive disorder (MDD). – NMDA antagonists have been investigated for their potential antidepressant effects and improvement of suicidal ideation beyond the traditional monoamine hypothesis. – Elevated levels of kynurenic acid, a metabolite of the kynurenine pathway, can reduce glutamate release in certain brain regions and inhibit specific receptors. – Increased levels of kynurenic acid may lead to altered connectivity between cortical structures and the limbic system.
2. **Neuroinflammation**: – Inflammatory processes in depressed patients suggest the immunological origin of major depression. – Inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress can lead to glutamate excitotoxicity, playing a significant role in the pathogenesis of MDD. – Microglial cells, as immunologic sentinel cells of the brain, are associated with abnormal immune responses in MDD and suicidal behavior. – Microglial cells are proposed as potential targets for both glutamatergic- and inflammatory-mediated alterations underlying MDD and suicidal behavior. – Aberrant levels of quinolinic acid, produced by abnormal pathways inside microglia cells, are considered intracellular mediators of pathologically inflammatory- and glutamatergic-related changes.
Therefore, glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation play crucial roles in the development and progression of depression and suicidal behavior, with a specific focus on the involvement of microglial cells in these processes.
Mandatory FDA Disclaimer: Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
Mandatory FDA Disclaimer: Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.
